不知道从什么时候起,“反思”这个词变得如此之时髦。只要有人打着“反思”或者是“独立思考”的旗号,仿佛这个人就站在了道德的制高点上,仿佛面对对手的时候就已经不战而屈人之兵。只要我在“反思”,那么,反对我的人,就是反对“反思”,那就是站在“自由、平等、博爱、民主”的对立面,那就是不愿意倾听不同的声音,那就是保守和不开化。
然而,仔细看看“反思党”干的事情,我们就会悄然发现,其实“反思”并不是什么高深莫测的技术或者是能力,他们干的就是“反对敌人所赞同的,赞同敌人所反对的”。简单一点的举动就是“反对所有政府的行为”,稍微夸张一点的则是“反对一切中国的行为”。当然,我如果这样说,有人会跳出来急,但是“反思党”的种种行为有时候真的让人摸不着头脑,不知道他们究竟要干什么。
所以,我称那些天天把“反思”挂在嘴边的人是“反着思考的人”。
英语里面有一个短语叫Critical Thinking,翻译过来可以说是“批判性思考”。但是,这种批判性思考并不意味着简单地把一切“取反”。我最早接触Critical Thinking还是要从准备GRE的作文的Argument说起。这个作文是让大家根据某个段落,找到这个段落中存在的不足,尤其是逻辑上的不足。最开始的时候,我很难找到这些不足,感觉里面说得东西都非常正确。后来,慢慢地,知道了如何去找,懂得了一些的最基本的逻辑错误,比如“偷换概念”、“以偏概全”等等。到最后,基本上是非常容易就可以在规定时间内把文章写好,而且可以找到非常多的逻辑毛病。
后来到了美国学习,很多课程都需要我们阅读论文,写论文的读后感,也就是找这篇文章为什么好,为什么不好。特别是“为什么不好”,也就是缺陷部分,一开始常常不容易找到,初学者很难看出一篇精心准备的文章到底缺在哪里。然而,一段时间的训练以后,我基本上可以找到每篇文章的毛病和缺陷,哪怕是非常经典的文章。我曾经对此非常得意。而且,每次在课堂讨论上,我也经常踊跃发言,常常言中文章的要害。于是,我有一点飘飘然地以为,做学问就是这么简单,把别人的问题找到以后,我自己做起来就相对轻松了。
这种错觉直到我自己开始真正入门搞一些科研为止。
事实上,我发现,要搞出一个,哪怕是有缺陷,哪怕是有一定局限性的,但是具有发表价值的科研成果都非常困难。而且,最关键的是,我慢慢才能理解那些我曾经有一些不屑的文章中的缺陷是怎么产生的,有一些又是如何地不可避免。
所以,说到这里,我想表明的是,Critical Thinking的真正含义是让大家反复思考,真正去了解和思考一个事物的正反面,去思考为什么要这样,哪些错误是现阶段不可避免的,哪些是能够避免的,哪些是能够改进的,哪些是为了改进而需要牺牲的,我们的目的是什么,我们的手段有哪些,等等。抱着这样的心态,我发现了那些曾经被我批判的文章的闪光点,看见了别人的优点和长处。这样慢慢地心态也就调整平和了。于是,我再也不会因为找到别人文章的一点缺陷而感到兴奋,反而会去仔细思考,如果是我,这个缺陷能够克服吗?
因此,我把Critical Thinking的过程解释为“反复思考”,可能也不算是过分。说这个的目的其实是想表明,“思考”一个问题,达到了解和进步的目的是需要时间的,是需要我们平心静气地面对这个问题的。如果仅仅是发泄情绪,本来无可厚非,但是就没法达到我们心中的目的。
反过来说说“反思”,如果仅仅是“反着思考”,那么无疑是没有多大作用的。我们希望的是“建设性的意见”。这也是我们很多人不懂得地方。有些人以为,现在我们需要的是不同的声音,其实我个人觉得这是误解,我们需要的是“解决方案”。因为最后只有“解决方案”才是最终呈现在其他人面前的东西。
开幕式那天我看凤凰卫视的“锵锵三人行”采访美术家陈丹青,这个最爱提反对意见的国内美术家在奥组委中担任顾问。当两个嘉宾轮番“质疑”了开幕式的一些情况后,陈丹青说, “我现在只能耍赖说,如果是你,你怎么办?换了你,你怎么做?”一下让两个嘉宾哑口无言。是的,“如果是你,你怎么办”就可以很容易打消那些没有目的性和针对性地“反思”,让我们看看是不是“反着”就一定有效果。
“反着思考”其实是最容易的,也是最廉价的思考,但也许是最无用的思考。更何况,有人真的就把问题的反面想得那么透彻了吗?我看是未必。
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